Mount Everest: An Exhilarating Adventure (part 1)

By: Christa Kowalczyk

Mount Everest is regarded as the Earth's highest mountain. The first publicized height of the renowned Mount Everest was established by India's Great Trigonometric Survey. This was in the year 1856 and with an estimated height of approximately 29,002 feet or 8,840 meters.

Mount Everest is regarded as the Earth's highest mountain. It is being measured according to its summit's height above sea level. This is actually around 29,029 feet or 8,848 meters. Aside from this, Mount Everest is also indicated as a portion of the acclaimed Himalaya range along High Asia, located just within the borders of Tibet in China and Sagarmatha Zone in Nepal.

Moreover, the first publicized height of the renowned Mount Everest was established by India's Great Trigonometric Survey. This was in the year 1856 and with an estimated height of approximately 29,002 feet or 8,840 meters. This is amidst the fact that Mount Everest was recognized as "Peak XV" at that time. It was only during the year 1865 when it was given its official name in English as "Mount Everest". This was implemented via the so-called Royal Geographical Society, upon the recommendation of India's British Survey General at that time, Andrew Waugh. Since, during his time Tibet and Nepal were closed for foreigners, Andrew Waugh was not able to have a local name proposed. This is amidst the fact that the Tibetans have used the name "Chomolungma" for centuries already.

Furthermore, during the latter part of 2007 or the climbing season, the ascents towards the summit were reported to have reached approximately 3,679 by about 2,436 individuals. Due to this, there were reported cases of not more than 210 deaths in Mount Everest. In fact, the conditions were so difficult most corpses were already left as is and these corpses are often visible from the standard climbing trails.

The noted climbers of Mount Everest were relative novices to experienced mountaineers. These people still count on paid guides to help them get to the top. These surges of mountaineers to the region are actually a vital tourist revenue source in Nepal. This is apart from the requirement of the government to have every prospective climber pay more or less a $25,000 per person for the permit.

Thus, Mount Everest has areas that are included in the list of Death Zones. This is because of its altitude that is above 8,000 meters or 26,246 feet. It is very difficult to actually survive in these areas. The temperature can go down to super low levels, causing frostbite to any part of the body that gets exposed in the air. Since the temperature becomes very low, snow is also frozen in particular areas, where in you can die by falling and slipping in such locations. Another potential threat is high winds as well.

Furthermore, at Mount Everest’s top part, the so-called atmospheric pressure is actually the sea level pressure's third portion. This means that there is only a third of oxygen breathable at such sea level. Last May 2007, a certain Caudwell Xtreme Everest made a study about the oxygen levels of a person's blood in extreme altitude. For this medical study, more than 200 volunteer climbers climbed towards the Everest Base Camp so as to be given medical tests with regards to the levels of blood oxygen in their body. Another team, a smaller group, also conducted tests while going towards the summit.

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Evaporator, Compressor & Condenser

The Evaporator

The purpose of the evaporator is to remove unwanted heat from the product, via the liquid refrigerant. The liquid

refrigerant contained within the evaporator is boiling at a low-pressure. The level of this pressure is determined by two

factors:

- The rate at which the heat is absorbed from the product to the liquid refrigerant in the evaporator

- The rate at which the low-pressure vapour is removed from the evaporator by the compressor

To enable the transfer of heat, the temperature of the liquid refrigerant must be lower than the temperature of the product

being cooled. Once transferred, the liquid refrigerant is drawn from the evaporator by the compressor via the suction line.

When leaving the evaporator coil the liquid refrigerant is in vapour form.



The Compressor

The purpose of the compressor is to draw the low-temperature, low-pressure vapour from the evaporator via the suction

line. Once drawn, the vapour is compressed. When vapour is compressed it rises in temperature. Therefore, the

compressor transforms the vapour from a low-temperature vapour to a high-temperature vapour, in turn increasing the

pressure. The vapour is then released from the compressor in to the discharge line.

The Condenser

The purpose of the condenser is to extract heat from the refrigerant to the outside air. The condenser is usually installed

on the reinforced roof of the building, which enables the transfer of heat. Fans mounted above the condenser unit are

used to draw air through the condenser coils.

The temperature of the high-pressure vapour determines the temperature at which the condensation begins. As heat has

to flow from the condenser to the air, the condensation temperature must be higher than that of the air; usually between -

12°C and -1°C. The high-pressure vapour within the condenser is then cooled to the point where it becomes a liquid

refrigerant once more, whilst retaining some heat. The liquid refrigerant then flows from the condenser in to the liquid line.

Source: http://www.europe.honeywell.com/70_refrigeration_control/EN5B-0024UK07%20R0505.pdf

Vapour Compression Cycle

The Minimum Amount of Work to Drive a Heat Pump is defined in terms of the Absolute Temperature Scale

Here we show again the diagram that was used to help explain the Reversible Carnot Cycle. It shows a reversible engine E driving a reversible heat pump P. The relationship between Q1, Q2 and W depends only on the temperatures of the hot and cold reservoirs, just as Carnot predicted. But temperature must be defined in a more fundamental way. The degrees on the thermometer are only an arbitrary scale. Kelvin took the bold step in 1851 of defining an absolute temperature scale in terms of the efficiency of reversible engines:

The ideal "never attainable" efficiency is the ratio of work output to heat input (W/Q1) of the reversible engine E and it equals: Temperature Difference (T1 - T0) divided by the Hot Reservoir Temperature (T1). It is known as the Carnot efficiency, taking its name from Sadi Carnot.

The device P can be any refrigeration device we care to invent, and the work of Kelvin tells us that the Minimum Work, W necessary to lift a quantity of heat Q2 from temperature T0 to temperature T1 is:

Q2 multiplied by the ratio Temperature Difference (T1 - T0)/Cold Reservoir Temperature (T0). The temperatures must be measured on an Absolute scale.

Choose a fluid, or refrigerant, which vaporizes at a lower temperature than the space to be cooled. Heat then flows from the cool space (downhill) and vaporizes the refrigerant. This is represented by the section 1 - 2 of the orange line. Then, instead of just letting it boil away and disappear as vapour, it is captured, and pressurized (2 - 3). At the high pressure its boiling point, or evaporating temperature is much higher. So it can condense at this higher temperature, giving up its latent heat which flows (downhill again) to the warm air outside (3 - 4). When it has become a liquid, the pressure is reduced (4 - 1) and the process can start again.

This is the most widely used process for providing cooling. It is called the Vapour Compression Cycle, and it finds application on equipment ranging from domestic refrigerators and freezers to large cold stores and building air conditioning systems.

Pressure - Enthalpy

In order to study this process more closely, refrigeration engineers use this pressure - enthalpy diagram. "P" is the symbol for Pressure, and "h" is the symbol for Enthalpy. This diagram is a way of describing the liquid and gas phase of a substance. On the vertical axis is pressure, and on the horizontal, enthalpy. Enthalpy can be thought of as the quantity of heat in a given quantity, or mass of substance. The curved line is called the saturation curve and it defines the boundary of pure liquid and pure gas, or vapour. In the region marked vapour, its pure vapour. In the region marked liquid, its pure liquid. If the pressure rises so that we are considering a region above the top of the curve, there is no distinction between liquid and vapour. Above this pressure the gas cannot be liquified. This is called the Critical Pressure. In the region underneath the curve, there is a mixture of liquid and vapour.

Does more sun shine on the righteous?

Does more sun shine on the righteous?

Cold Thoughts

by Neil Everitt

The editor of ACR News posts his own cold thoughts about the ACR industry and anything else he cares to air.

25/11/2009 12:14:10
IN THE editorial in the September issue of ACR News, I commented upon how those who feel they have a righteous cause can sometimes pursue that cause so zealously that their actions can become morally skewed.

My references at the time were to those who pursue natural ventilation to the exclusion of air conditioning but it could now equally be applied to the climate scientists at the centre of revelations exposed by the "hacked" emails at Britain's Climate Research Unit (CRU) at the University of East Anglia.

As one of the primary information sources for the UN's influential international panel on Climate Change (IPCC), some have claimed that the content of the leaked emails prove that the whole man-made global warming theory is a lie.

Certainly the scientists involved could be accused of manipulating evidence to fit their perceived theories; suppressing and even destroying evidence to the contrary and attempting to exclude dissenting scientists from the peer review process.

This is damning evidence but it is not surprising that a group of people who are so convinced that they are right should act in this way. It does suggest that they are so convinced that they are on the right route that they have ditched their moral compass, but it does not mean that their beliefs that man is responsible for global warming are wrong.

One thing the emails do show, however, is that despite claims to the contrary, the evidence of anthropogenic global warming is not as clear cut as they would have us believe. In particular the environmental scientists appear unable to explain how, despite CO2 levels in the atmosphere rising over the last 11 years, global temperatures have not increased with it as they would have predicted.

It is not an excuse to do nothing but it really is quite scary that long-term strategies could be decided in Copenhagen next month based upon apparent climatic trends that are not yet fully understood.

Temperature

Hotness and Coldness are familiar. A thermometer such as a mercury-in-glass type measures degrees of "hotness" by utilising the property of mercury which, like most things, expands when it gets hotter. As it expands, the column of mercury fills more of the tube, and so we can read off "how hot it is" on the scale. The scale is typically based on the melting point of ice and the boiling point of water. A Fahrenheit scale has the ice point marked 32 and the steam point marked 212 with 180 divisions or degrees. A Celsius or centigrade scale has the ice point at zero and the steam point at 100.

The graduation of the glass tube can obviously be continued above and below these fixed points. If the mercury rises 20 divisions above the 100 point on the Celsius thermometer, then the temperature is 120 degrees Celsius. But this extrapolation is limited in practice because if the temperature falls too low the mercury freezes. Different fluids can be adopted. Ethyl alcohol in glass can be used down to minus 166 degrees F while the electrical resistance of platinum wire can be used up to 1800 degrees.

The Minimum Amount of Work to Drive a Heat Pump is defined in terms of the Absolute Temperature Scale

Here we show again the diagram that was used to help explain the Reversible Carnot Cycle. It shows a reversible engine E driving a reversible heat pump P. The relationship between Q1, Q2 and W depends only on the temperatures of the hot and cold reservoirs, just as Carnot predicted. But temperature must be defined in a more fundamental way. The degrees on the thermometer are only an arbitrary scale. Kelvin took the bold step in 1851 of defining an absolute temperature scale in terms of the efficiency of reversible engines:

The ideal "never attainable" efficiency is the ratio of work output to heat input (W/Q1) of the reversible engine E and it equals: Temperature Difference (T1 - T0) divided by the Hot Reservoir Temperature (T1). It is known as the Carnot efficiency, taking its name from Sadi Carnot.

The device P can be any refrigeration device we care to invent, and the work of Kelvin tells us that the Minimum Work, W necessary to lift a quantity of heat Q2 from temperature T0 to temperature T1 is:

Q2 multiplied by the ratio Temperature Difference (T1 - T0)/Cold Reservoir Temperature (T0). The temperatures must be measured on an Absolute scale.